tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45655008584993577272024-03-14T13:54:00.227+07:00New Entry<a href="http://syukronjamils.blogspot.com">Branda Ane</a> | <a href="http://syukronjamils.blogspot.com"> fILE</a> | <a href="http://syukronjamils.blogspot.com">lirik lagu</a> | <a href="http://syukronjamils.blogspot.com">MyMusic</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01941332302803705363noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565500858499357727.post-79723490143175664382016-10-28T03:35:00.001+07:002016-10-28T03:35:17.273+07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TUGAS </span></b><br />
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DAYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SYUKRON JAMIL</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">JURUSAN
TEKNIK ELEKTRO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">FAKULTAS
SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">UNIVERSITAS
ISLAM NEGERI SULTAN SYARIF KASIM RIAU<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2014<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> BAB 1</span></b><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1. Latar belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Elektronika Daya merupakan salah
satu bidang ilmu yang mempelajari dan membahas aplikasi elektronika yang
berkaitan dengan peralatan listrik yang berdaya cukup besar. Berbagai macam
peralatan dan aplikasi nyata di industri yang menggunakan sumber listrik memiliki
kapasitas daya yang sangat besar seperti motor listrik, pemanas, pendingin,
fun, kompresor, pompa, conveyor dan aplikasi-aplikasi lainnya. Elektronika daya
mulai populer setelah berbagai pengaturan secara konvensional kurang dapat
memenuhi kebutuhan industri. Pengaturan
berbagai aplikasi di industri secara konvensional tidak efektif dan menimbulkan
rugi-rugi yang cukup besar sehingga diperlukan mekanisme pengaturan yang lebih
baik. Salah satu pilihan adalah dengan menggunakan perangkat elektronika. Untuk
dapat melakukan pengaturan berbagai macam peralatan di industry diperlukan
peralatan kontrol yang mampu beroperasi pada tegangan dan arus yang cukup besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bidang ilmu Elektronika Daya
mencakup berbagai bidang ilmu yang mendasari perkembangan ilmu ini. Beberapa
bidang ilmu yang terkait dengan Elektronika daya diantaranya adalah:
Elektronika, Teori rangkaian, Sistem control, Elektromagnetika, Mesin-mesin
listrik, Sistem Tenaga Listrik, Komponen semikonduktor dan komputer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2. Rumusan Masalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Berdasarkan
latar belakang di atas dapat diberikan perumusan masalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. apa
itu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dc-dc converter?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.2.2. apa
itu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AC Voltage Controller (Pengendali
Tegangan AC)?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3. Tujuan
Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dari
rumusan masalah diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembuatan makalah ini bertujuan
agar dapat :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Mengetahui
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang DC-DC converter.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.3.2. Mengtahui
tentang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AC Voltage Controller (Pengendali
Tegangan AC)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1. DC-DC CONVERTER <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DC to DC Converter<span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">adalah suatu alat
yang digunakan untuk mengubah suatu tegangan searah ke tegangan searah yang
lain dengan nilainya dapat ditingkatkan atau diturunkan.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FCFCFC;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">DC to DC converter ini memanfaatkan Charging dan discharging pada
inductor, dengan metode switching. Switch yang digunakan adalah semikonduktor
yang dioperasikan pada frequency tinggi semisal transistor BJT atau juga FET.
DC to DC ini sangat sering dipakai di industry secara umum, dan elektronik
khususnya, karena memiliki efesiensi yang tinggi. Divice ini biasanya dipakai
sebagai pengatur kecepatan motor, atau mobil listrik, dan bisa juga untuk
charger.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Konverter DC-DC berlaku seperti
halnya trafo/<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">transformer</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang
mengubah tegangan AC tertentu ke tegangan AC yang lebih tinggi atau lebih
rendah. Tidak ada peningkatan ataupun pengurangan daya masukan selama
pengkonversian bentuk energi listriknya, sehingga secara ideal persamaan
dayanya dapat dituliskan dengan persamaan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Konverter DC-DC
dapat dibagi menjadi 2 kategori besar, yaitu yang terisolasi dan yang tak
terisolasi. Kata ’isolasi’ disini secara sederhana bermakna adanya penggunaan
trafo (isolasi galvanis) antara tegangan masukan dan tegangan keluaran
konverter DC-DC. Beberapa sumber menyebutkan bahwa konverter DC-DC yang tak
terisolasi dengan istilah <em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">direct converter,</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span>dan
konverter yang terisolasi dengan istilah<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">indirect converter.</span></em><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.1. Jenis-jenis DC-DC Converter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">A. <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Topologi Penurun Tegangan (</span></strong><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Buck Converter</span></em><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">)</span></strong></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_converter"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Konverter jenis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">buck</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></a>merupakan
konverter penurun tegangan yang mengkonversikan tegangan masukan DC menjadi
tegangan DC lainnya yang lebih rendah. Seperti terlihat pada gambar 2,
rangkaian ini terdiri terdiri atas satu saklar aktif (MOSFET), satu saklar
pasif (diode), kapasitor dan induktor sebagai tapis keluarannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/konverter-dc-dc-22.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/konverter-dc-dc-22.jpg?w=300&h=183" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/konverter-dc-dc-22.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_3" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1074" style="height: 106.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 186.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="konverter-dc-dc-22" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Gambar</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rangkaian konverter DC-DC tipe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck</span></em></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Untuk tegangan kerja yang rendah,
saklar pasif (dioda) sering diganti dengan saklar aktif (MOSFET) sehingga susut
daya pada saklar bisa dikurangi. Apabila menggunakan 2 saklar aktif, kedua saklar
ini akan bekerja secara <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_converter"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bergantian, dan hanya ada satu saklar
yang menutup setiap saat.</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Tegangan rata-rata </span></strong><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck converter</span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tegangan-rata-rata-buck2.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tegangan-rata-rata-buck2.jpg?w=300&h=139" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tegangan-rata-rata-buck2.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_4" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1073" style="height: 100.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 218.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="tegangan-rata-rata-buck2" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Persamaan tegangan </span></strong><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck converter</span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/aliran-daya1.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/aliran-daya1.jpg?w=432&h=234" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/aliran-daya1.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_5" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1072" style="height: 141.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 285.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="aliran-daya1" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Analisis riak arus keluaran diperlukan
untuk bisa mendesain tapis atau filter keluaran konverter DC-DC<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">.</span></em> Untuk
mendapatkan riak arus keluran konverter<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck </span></em>yang
kecil<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">,</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span>diperlukan
tapis induktor (L) yang nilainya akan semakin kecil dengan meningkatkan
frekuensi penyaklaran. Riak arus keluaran konverter DC-DC akan bernilai
maksimum apabila konverter bekerja pada <em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">duty cycle (d)</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>=
0,5.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Analisis riak arus </span></strong><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck </span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/analisis-riak3.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/analisis-riak3.jpg?w=283&h=300" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/analisis-riak3.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_6" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1071" style="height: 210pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 184.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="analisis-riak3" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Gambar dibawah ini adalah kondisi
arus yang mengalir di tapis induktor pada saat konverter DC-DC bekerja pada
kondisi kritis. Yang dimaksud dengan kondisi kritis disini adalah kondisi
dimana arus di induktor mengalir ke beban sampai tepat bernilai nol pada saat
saklar OFF, atau induktor bekerja sebagai sumber arus. </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Penyaklaran pada kondisi kritis</span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/riak-arus-kondisi-kritis.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/riak-arus-kondisi-kritis.jpg?w=640" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/riak-arus-kondisi-kritis.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_7" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1070" style="height: 88.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 213.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="riak-arus-kondisi-kritis" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Bentuk gelombang kondisi diskontinu</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/kondisi-diskontinu.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/kondisi-diskontinu.jpg?w=640" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/kondisi-diskontinu.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_8" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1069" style="height: 206.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 366pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="kondisi-diskontinu" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">B. Topologi Penaik Tegangan (</span></strong><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Boost Converter</span></b></em><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">) </span></strong></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Konverter<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boost_converter"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">boost</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span></a>berfungsi
untuk menghasilkan tegangan keluaran yang lebih tinggi dibanding tegangan
masukannya, atau biasa disebut dengan konverter penaik tegangan. Konverter ini
banyak dimanfaatkan untuk aplikasi pembangkit listrik<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_41_1_05.pdf"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tenaga surya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></a>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://itee.uq.edu.au/~aupec/aupec99/jiao99.pdf"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">turbin angin</span></a>. Skema konverter
jenis ini dapat dilihat pada gambar 3 dan gambar 4, dimana komponen utamanya
terdiri atas MOSFET, dioda, induktor, dan kapasitor. Keunggulan dari konverter<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">boost</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah
mampu menghasilkan arus masukan yang <a href="http://www.daycounter.com/LabBook/BoostConverter/Boost-Converter-Equations.phtml"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kontiniu</span></a>.</span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/konverter-dc-dc-3.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/konverter-dc-dc-3.jpg?w=432&h=184" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/konverter-dc-dc-3.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_9" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1068" style="height: 92.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 204.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Gambar </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">Rangkaian konverter DC-DC tipe boost</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Karena arus masukan konverter dapat
dijaga kontinu, pada saat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://factaee.elfak.ni.ac.rs/fu2k92/9lazarov.pdf"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">konverter ini diserikan
dengan penyearah dioda</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://dspace.unimap.edu.my/dspace/bitstream/123456789/2542/1/Design%20of%20a%20single-phase%20rectifier.pdf"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">konverter ini tidak
menimbulkan harmonisa pada arus sumber penyearah dioda. Atau dengan kata lain, arus
sumber mempunyai bentuk gelombang mendekati sinusoidal dengan faktor daya sama
dengan satu.</span></a></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/konverter-dc-dc-4.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/konverter-dc-dc-4.jpg?w=432&h=144" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/konverter-dc-dc-4.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_10" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1067" style="height: 91.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 261.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Gambar </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">Rangkaian konverter DC-DC tipe boost + penyearah dioda (faktor daya
satu)</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Persamaan umum</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></b></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">boost</span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-umum-boost1.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-umum-boost1.jpg?w=624&h=367" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-umum-boost1.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_11" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1066" style="height: 174.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 366.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a><strong><o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Persamaan riak arus</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></b></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">boost</span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-riak-arus-boost3.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-riak-arus-boost3.jpg?w=255&h=300" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-riak-arus-boost3.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_12" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1065" style="height: 178.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 177pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-riak-arus-boost1.jpg"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><br />
</span></a><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Efek Parasitik Komponen</span></strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/parasitic-effect1.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/parasitic-effect1.jpg?w=270&h=256" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/parasitic-effect1.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_13" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1064" style="height: 156pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 172.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a></span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">C. Topologi Penurun-Penaik Tegangan (</span></strong><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Buck-Boost Converter</span></b></em><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">)</span></strong></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Konverter<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">buck-boost<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></a>dapat
menghasilkan tegangan keluaran yang lebih rendah atau lebih tinggi daripada
sumbernya. Jika MOSFET OFF maka arus akan mengalir ke induktor, energi yang
tersimpan di induktor akan naik. Saat saklar MOSFET ON energi di induktor akan
turun dan arus mengalir menuju beban. Dengan cara seperti ini, nilai rata-rata
tegangan keluaran akan sesuai dengan rasio antara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">waktu pembukaan</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">waktu penutupan saklar</span></strong>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://cegt201.bradley.edu/projects/proj2008/lcc/pdf/TI_buck_boost.pdf"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hal inilah</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang membuat topologi ini bisa
menghasilkan nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran/bebn bisa lebih tinggi maupun
lebih rendah daripada tegangan sumbernya.</span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/buck-boost.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/buck-boost.jpg?w=384&h=212" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/buck-boost.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_14" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1063" style="height: 94.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 186.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Gambar 5</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rangkaian konverter DC-DC tipe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck-boost</span></em></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Persamaan umum dan persamaan
riak arus keluaran</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></b></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck boost</span></b></em></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-buck-boost2.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-buck-boost2.jpg?w=150&h=126" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/persamaan-buck-boost2.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_15" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1062" style="height: 76.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 106.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span lang="EN-US"> Masalah utama dari
konverter buck-boost adalah membutuhkan tapis induktor dan kapasitor yang besar
di kedua sisi masukan dan keluaran konverter, karena konverter dengan topologi
seperti ini menghasilkan riak arus yang sangat tinggi. Adapun yang perlu diperhatikan
juga disini adalah tegangan keluaran konverter buck-boost bernilai negatif atau
berkebalikan dengan sumber tegangan masukan.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">D. Topologi</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></b></span><em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Cuk</span></b></em></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Seperti halnya tipe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck-boost</span></em>, konverter DC-DC topologi ini juga dapat
menghasilkan tegangan keluaran yang lebih kecil ataupun lebih besar daripada
sumber tegangan. Dengan tambahan induktor dan kapasitor pada sisi masukan,
membuat topologi ini menghasilkan riak arus yang lebih kecil daripada topologi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck-boost.</span></em></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/cuk-converter.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/cuk-converter.jpg?w=640" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/cuk-converter.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_16" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1061" style="height: 94.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 172.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Gambar </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">Konverter DC-DC tipe<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">cuk </span></em></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">E. Topologi Sepic</span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Konverter topologi
ini adalah perbaikan dari topologi konverter DC-DC tipe cuk. Konverter topologi
ini memungkinkan untuk menghasilkan tegangan keluaran yang berpolaritas sama
dengan sumber tegangan masukan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sepic.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sepic.jpg?w=640" href="http://indone5ia.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sepic.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_17" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1060" style="height: 85.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 150.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Gambar 7</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Konverter DC-DC tipe SEPIC<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Contoh Soal DC DC CONVERTER Buck-Boots<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">1). Dikrtahui tegangan input adalah
12 Volt dengan Duty cycle (k=D0) adalah 0,25 ; fs= 25kHz ; L= 150 uH ; C=220 uF
; Ia= 1,25. Hitunglah tegangan output rata-rata (Va), Ripple tegangan output,
ripple arus outut?</span></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US">Jawab :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">a.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">b. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2).
Hitunglah ripple tegangan dan ripple arus pada DC Chopper tipe Boost bila
diketahui Vs=5 V ; Tegangan output rata-rata= 15 V ; arus output rata-rata =
0,5 A ; Frekuensi switching = 25 kHz, L= 150 uh ; dan C= 200 uF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_172" o:spid="_x0000_i1058" style="height: 108pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 286.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab
:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.
AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER (Pengendali
Tegangan AC)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> AC Voltage Controller (Pengendali
Tegangan AC) yang digunakan untuk memvariasikan RMS value tegangan bolak
diterapkan pada sirkuit beban dengan memperkenalkan Thyristors between beban
dan sumber tegangan ac konstan. RMS nilai bolak voltage applied ke sirkuit
beban dikendalikan dengan mengendalikan sudut memicu dari Thyristorsin tegangan
AC kontroler circuits singkat, tegangan AC kontroler adalah jenis thyristor
konverter daya yang digunakan untuk mengubah tegangan tetap, frekuensi tetap AC
pasokan input untuk mendapatkan output variablevoltage AC. RMS nilai tegangan
output AC dan aliran listrik AC ke theload dikendalikan dengan memvariasikan
(menyesuaikan) pemicu sudut ‘ α ‘.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ada
dua jenis kontrol thyristor digunakan dalam praktek untuk mengontrol aliran
listrik ac, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. On-Off control (kendali On-Off)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Phase control (kendali fase)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.1. FASE KONTROL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam kontrol fase Thyristors
digunakan sebagai switch untuk menghubungkan sirkuit beban ke pasokan input ac,
untuk bagian dari setiap siklus input. Itu adalah tegangan suplai ac menggunakan
Thyristors selama bagian dari setiap siklus input. Saklar thyristor dihidupkan
untuk bagian dari setiap setengah siklus, sehingga pasokan input tegangan
muncul di seluruh beban dan kemudian dimatikan selama sisa bagian dari masukan
setengah siklus untuk memutuskan suplai ac dari beban.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dengan mengontrol sudut fase atau
sudut pemicu 'α' (delay angle), output RMS tegangan beban dapat dikontrol. Pemicu
delay angle 'α' didefinisikan sebagai sudut fase (nilai ωt) di mana thyristor
menyala dan arus beban mulai mengalir. Thyristor pengendali tegangan ac
menggunakan ac garis pergantian atau fase ac pergantian. Thyristor dalam ac
pengendali tegangan garis commutated (fase commutated) sejak pasokan input ac.
Ketika tegangan input ac berbalik dan menjadi negatif selama setengah siklus
negatif arus yang mengalir melalui penurunan budidaya thyristor dan 2 jatuh ke
nol. Dengan demikian thyristor ON alami mati, ketika arus perangkat jatuh ke nol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Thyristors kontrol fase yang relatif
murah, converter kelas Thyristor yang lebih lambat dari beralih inverter cepat
kelas Thyristors biasanya yang digunakan. Untuk aplikasi diatas 400Hz, jika
Triacs yang tersedia untuk memenuhi tegangan dan peringkat saat aplikasi
tertentu, Triacs yang lebih umum digunakan. Karena garis ac pergantian atau
pergantian alami, tidak perlu ekstra pergantian sirkuit atau komponen dan
sirkuit untuk ac pengendali tegangan sangat sederhana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Karena
sifat dari bentuk gelombang output, analisis, derivasi dari ekspresi untuk
kinerja parameter yang tidak sederhana, terutama untuk tahap dikendalikan
tegangan ac kontroler dengan beban RL. Tapi bagaimanapun sebagian besar beban
praktis adalah dari jenis RL dan maka beban RL harus dipertimbangkan dalam
analisis dan desain tegangan ac kontroler sirkuit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.2. Prinsip
ON-OFF Pengendalian Teknik (Siklus Integral Kontrol)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
dasar teknik kontrol on-off dijelaskan dengan mengacu pada fase tunggal gelombang
penuh rangkaian tegangan ac kontroler ditunjukkan di bawah ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
fase tunggal gelombang penuh rangkaian AC tegangan pengendali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambar Bentuk
gelombang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.3. RMS Nilai Output Tegangan, Untuk Metode
ON-OFF Kontrol<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">RMS Output (Load) Voltage<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Duty Cycle<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">RMS Load Current<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Output AC (Load) Power<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Input Power Factor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The Average Current of Thyristor </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">T</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT;">(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Avg </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT;">)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_81" o:spid="_x0000_i1048" style="height: 46.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 114pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata cropbottom="16191f" cropleft="23740f" cropright="32430f" croptop="43562f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">RMS Current of Thyristor </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">T </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT;">(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">RMS </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT;">)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_84" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" style="height: 46.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 85.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata cropbottom="25444f" cropleft="23849f" cropright="35153f" croptop="34695f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh Soal :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengendali tegangan ac 1 fasa 2 arah
mempunyai tegangan masukan efektif 120 V dan beban resistif 6 ohm. Besarnya
sudut perlambatan penyalaan thyristor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" o:ole="" style="height: 17.25pt; width: 22.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130780">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span>. Tentukan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tegangan efektif
keluaran (volt). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Daya keluaran
(Watt)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Faktor Kerja Masukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Arus
thyristor rata-rata dan efektif.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Jawab :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" o:ole="" style="height: 30.75pt; width: 183.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130782">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarnya tegangan efektif keluaran <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 15pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" o:ole="" style="height: 42.75pt; width: 150pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130783">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 15pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" o:ole="" style="height: 42.75pt; width: 157.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130784">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 6pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" o:ole="" style="height: 18pt; width: 84.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130785">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Arus efektif keluaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" o:ole="" style="height: 30.75pt; width: 130.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130786">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya Beban <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" o:ole="" style="height: 18.75pt; width: 57pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130787">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" o:ole="" style="height: 22.5pt; width: 147pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130788">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arus masukan sama besar dengan arus
beban.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033" o:ole="" style="height: 18pt; width: 106.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130789">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya masukan (VA) <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" o:ole="" style="height: 18pt; width: 159pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130790">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Kerja Masukan =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" o:ole="" style="height: 33.75pt; width: 63.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image041.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130791">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036" o:ole="" style="height: 30.75pt; width: 138pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130792">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Setiap
thyristor konduksi hanya setengah siklus, dengan demikian diperoleh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Arus
thyristor rata-rata <span style="mso-text-raise: -8.0pt; position: relative; top: 8.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1037" o:ole="" style="height: 19.5pt; width: 30.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image043.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130793">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" o:ole="" style="height: 37.5pt; width: 149.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1539130794">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Arus
thyristor efektif</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -8.0pt; position: relative; top: 8.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1041" o:ole="" style="height: 19.5pt; width: 33pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1. KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">DC to DC Converter<span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">adalah suatu alat yang
digunakan untuk mengubah suatu tegangan searah ke tegangan searah yang lain
dengan nilainya dapat ditingkatkan atau diturunkan.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FCFCFC; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Jenis-jenis dc-dc converter ada 5, antara lain
adalah :</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">1. <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Topologi penurun tegangan (</span></strong><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck converter</span></em><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">)</span></strong></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2. Topologi penaik tegangan (</span></strong><em><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">boost converter</span></em><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">) </span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">3. Topologi penurun-penaik tegangan
(</span></strong><em><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">buck-boost converter</span></em><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">)</span></strong></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">4. Topologi</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><em><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">cuk</span></em><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">5. Topologi sepic</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Tegangan AC kontroler adalah jenis thyristor
konverter daya yang digunakan untuk mengubah tegangan tetap, frekuensi tetap AC
pasokan input untuk mendapatkan output variablevoltage AC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada dua jenis kontrol thyristor
digunakan dalam praktek untuk mengontrol aliran listrik ac, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. On-Off control (kendali On-Off)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Phase control (kendali fase)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip dasar teknik kontrol on-off
dijelaskan dengan mengacu pada fase tunggal gelombang penuh rangkaian tegangan
ac kontroler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://zmpulungan.wordpress.com/2012/11/18/dc-to-dc-converter/
(di akses pada 22 Desember 2014)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://boeedy.wordpress.com/2012/09/20/dc-to-dc-converter-chapter-1-2/
(di akses pada 22 Desember 2014)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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(di akses pada 22 Desember 2014)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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(di akses pada 22 Desember 2014)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01941332302803705363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565500858499357727.post-58301297947678649192014-04-14T18:56:00.002+07:002014-04-14T18:56:34.845+07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><v:shapetype adj="4050" coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t161" o:spt="161" path="m,c7200@0,14400@0,21600,m,21600c7200@1,14400@1,21600,21600e"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="prod #0 4 3"> <v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 @0"> <v:f eqn="val #0"> <v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 #0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path o:connectangles="270,180,90,0" o:connectlocs="10800,@2;0,10800;10800,@3;21600,10800" o:connecttype="custom" textpathok="t"> <v:textpath fitshape="t" xscale="t"> <v:handles> <v:h position="center,#0" yrange="0,8100"> </v:h></v:handles> <o:lock shapetype="t" text="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:textpath></v:path></v:shapetype><v:shape adj="5665" fillcolor="black" id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 64.5pt; width: 377.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t161"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> <v:textpath fitpath="t" string="MAKALAH AQIDAH" style="font-family: "Impact"; v-text-kern: t;" trim="t" xscale="f"> </v:textpath></v:shadow></v:shape></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 115%;">Tentang Tafsir Surah Ali-Imran: 137-139 dan Surah Al-Jumu’ah: 9-10<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;"> BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tafsir Al-Qur'an</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">adalah ilmu pengetahuan untuk memahami dan menafsirkan yang bersangkutan dengan Al-Qur'an dan isinya berfungsi sebagai mubayyin (pemberi penjelasan), menjelaskan tentang arti dan kandungan Al Qur’an, khususnya menyangkut ayat-ayat yang tidak di pahami dan samar artinya, dalam memahami dan menafsirkan Al-Qur'an diperlukan bukan hanya pengetahuan bahasa Arab saja tetapi juga berbagai macam ilmu pengetahuan yang menyangkut Al-Qur'an dan isinya, Ilmu untuk memahami Al-Qur'an ini disebut dengan Ushul Tafsir atau biasa dikenal dengan Ulumul Qur'an, terdapat dua bentuk penafsiran yaitu at-tafsîr bi al- ma’tsûr dan at-tafsîr bi- ar-ra’yi, dengan empat metode, yaitu ijmâli, tahlîli, muqârin dan maudhû’i. Sedangkan dari segi corak lebih beragam, ada yang bercorak sastra bahasa, fiqh, teologi, filsafat, tasawuf, ilmiyah dan corak sastra budaya kemasyarakatan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 150%;">Tafsir berasal dari kata al-fusru yang mempunyai arti al-ibanah wa al-kasyf (menjelaskan dan menyingkap sesuatu). Menurut pengertian terminologi, seperti dijelaskan oleh Al-Hafizh As-Suyuthi dari Al-Imam Az-Zarkasyi ialah ilmu untuk memahami kitab Allah SWT yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW, menjelaskan makna-maknanya, menyimpulkan hikmah dan hukum-hukumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 150%;">Usaha menafsirkan Al-Qur’an sudah dimulai semenjak zaman para sahabat Nabi sendiri. ‘Ali ibn Abi Thâlib (w. 40 H), ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abbâs (w. 68 H), ‘Abdullah Ibn Mas’ûd (w. 32 H) dan Ubay ibn Ka’ab (w. 32 H) adalah di antara para sahabat yang terkenal banyak menafsirkan ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an dibandingkan dengan sahabat-sahabat yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah :</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.1. Apakah terjemahan dari </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Surah Ali-Imran: 137-139 dan Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 9- 10 ?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2. Bagaimana Tafsir Surah </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Ali-Imran: 137-139 dan Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 9-10 ?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.3. Apa sebab diturunkannya </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Surah </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Ali-Imran: 137-139dan Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 9-10 ?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan Masalah</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam pembahasan makalah ini penulis hanya membatasi masalah tentang </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tafsir Surah Ali-imran: 137-138 dan Surah Al-Jumu’ah:10, serta Sebab diturunkannya Surah tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4 Tujuan Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun yang menjadi tujuan </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penulis </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam pembahasan makalah ini adalah</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sebagai berikut </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4.1. Untuk mengetahui arti dari </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Surah Ali-Imran: 137-139 dan Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 9-10.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4.2. Untuk mengetahui Tafsir </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Surah Ali-Imran: 137-139 dan Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 9-10.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4.3. Untuk mengetahui mengapa </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 150%;">Surah Ali-Imran: 137-139 dan Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 9-10 diturunkan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1.Tafsir dan Terjemahan Surah Ali-Imran : 137-139<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1.1. Surah Ali-Imran : 137<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="3_137.png" id="Picture_x0020_0" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 60pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 467.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="3_137" src="file:///C:\Users\USERCO~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="RTL"></span>٭</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sesungguhnya telah berlalu sebelum kamu sunnah-sunnah Allah; karena itu berjalanlah kamu di muka bumi dan perhatikanlah bagaimana akibat orang-orang yang mendustakan (rasul-rasul) </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(QS. 3:137).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penjelasan Ayat :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Permulaan ayat ini menjelaskan bahwa perjalanan hidup manusia berdasarkan “aturan tetap” yang diberlakukan oleh Allah dan aturan tersebut tidak akan berubah sehingga dunia Kiamat. Apabila melihat ke masa lalu maka akan menjumpai bahwa setiap yang mendustakan kebenaran dan memusuhi orang-orang beriman akan berakhir dengan kehancuran dan kebinasaan. Begitu pulalah nasib orang-orang yang mengikuti jejak mereka pada hari ini karena Sesungguhnya telah berlalu sebelum kamu sunnah-sunnah Allah; karena itu berjalanlah kamu di muka bumi dan perhatikanlah bagaimana akibat orang-orang yang mendustakan (rasul-rasul).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada ayat ini Allah menerangkan bahwa sunah-Nya (ketentuan yang berlaku) terhadap makhluk-Nya, semenjak umat-umat dahulu kala sebelum umat Nabi Muhammad saw. tetap berlaku sampai sekarang. Oleh karena itu. kita dituntun supaya melakukan perjalanan dan penyelidikan di bumi, sehingga kita dapat sampai kepada suatu kesimpulan, bahwa Allah dalam ketentuan-Nya telah mengikatkan antara sebab dengan musababnya. Misalnya kalau seseorang ingin kaya, maka ia harus mengusahakan sebab-sebab yang biasa membawa kepada kejayaan. Kalau ingin menang dalam peperangan hendaklah dipersiapkan segala sebab untuk mendapatkan kemenangan. baik dari segi materinya maupun dari segi taktik dan sebagainya. Kalau ingin bahagia di dunia dan akhirat perbuatlah sebab-sebab untuk memperolehnya, dan demikianlah seterusnya. Pada ayat 137 ini, Allah menyuruh kita menyelidiki dan memperhatikan sebab-sebab ditimpakannya azab kepada orang-orang yang mendustakan kebenaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1.2. Surah Ali-Imran : 138</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="RTL"></span>٭</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> (Al quran) ini adalah penerangan bagi seluruh manusia, dan petunjuk serta pelajaran bagi orang-orang yang bertakwa.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(QS. 3:138)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penjelasan Ayat :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Selanjutnya Allah menjelaskan bahwa apa yang tersebut pada ayat 137 adalah penerangan bagi seluruh manusia dan petunjuk serta pelajaran orang-orang bertakwa.<br />
Ulama tafsir mengatakan bahwa maksud ayat ini adalah: memperingatkan kaum muslimin bahwa kekalahan mereka pada perang Uhud adalah pelajaran bagi orang-orang Islam, tentang berlakunya ketentuan sunah Allah itu. Mereka menang pada perang Badar, karena mereka menjalankan dan mematuhi perintah Nabi saw. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada perang Uhud pun mereka hampir saja memperoleh kemenangan tetapi oleh karena mereka lalai dan tidak lagi mematuhi perintah Nabi saw. akhirnya mereka terkepung dan diserang tentara musuh yang jauh lebih banyak jumlahnya, sehingga bergelimpanganlah puluhan kurban syuhada dari kaum muslimin, dan Nabi sendiri menderita luka dan pecah salah satu giginya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1.3. Surah Ali-Imran : 139<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="RTL"></span>٭</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Janganlah kamu bersikap lemah, dan janganlah (pula) kamu bersedih hati, padahal kamulah orang-orang yang paling tinggi (derajatnya), jika kamu orang-orang yang beriman.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(QS. 3:139)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penjelasan Ayat :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ayat ini menghendaki agar kaum muslimin jangan bersifat lemah dan bersedih hati, meskipun mereka mengalami kekalahan dan penderitaan yang cukup pahit pada perang Uhud, karena kalah atau menang dalam sesuatu peperangan adalah soal biasa yang termasuk dalam ketentuan Allah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ayat ini juga menjelaskan bahwa Allah melarang orang-orang beriman untuk bersikap lemah karena perbuatan tersebut menunjukkan sebagai orang-orang yang tidak percaya kepada Allah Yang Maha Perkasa. Seberapapun jumlah musuh dan sehebat apapun mereka tidaklah boleh </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">membuat orang-orang beriman menjadi lemah sehingga berat untuk berjihad di jalan Allah. Demikian pula Allah melarang mereka dari bersedih hati karena perbuatan tersebut menunjukkan sebagai orang-orang yang tidak percaya kepada Allah Yang Maha Bijaksana. Apapun yang menimpa, seperti penyiksaan, kematian ahli keluarga, kerugian harta benda dan lain sebagainya tidak boleh membuat mereka mejadi sedih sehingga hilang semangat untuk berjihad di jalan Allah. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dipenghujung ayat disebutkan bahwa “jika kamu orang-orang beriman”; maksudnya, jika kamu wahai umat Islam adalah orang-orang beriman maka buktikanlah keimananmu itu dengan tidak pernah merasa lemah dan bersedih hati dalam menghadapi musuh-musuh Islam karena orang-orang beriman adalah orang-orang yang berkedudukan tinggi di mata Allah dan pasti mereka akan dimenangkan. Sunnatullah pasti akan diberlakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2. </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asbabun Nuzul (sebab turunnya) Surah Ali-Imran : 137-139<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.1. Asbabun Nuzul Surah Ali-Imran : 137-138</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Salah satu metode al-Quran untuk memberi petunjuk jalan dan membimbing manusia adalah mengajak manusia memperhatikan sejarah kaum terdahulu. Dunia tidaklah terbatas pada masa kontemporer. Sebelum kita banyak sekali manusia yang hidup di dunia ini dan meninggal dunia. Pengenalan sejarah dan akibat perbuatan mereka merupakan pelajaran terbaik bagi kita yang hidup dewasa ini. Karena dunia bagi kita yang hidup dewasa ini dikelola berdasarkan Sunnah dan undang-undang tetap ilahi. Untuk mengenali tradisi ini, kita harus mengetahui sejarah umat manusia terdahulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Oleh karenanya, al-Quran mengajak kita melakukan perjalanan di bumi dan mengkaji sejarah orang-orang terdahulu sehingga dengan teliti kita mempelajari kesudahan orang-orang yang baik dan buruk dan jangan sampai kita mengulangi kesalahan-kesalahan orang-orang terdahulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Dari dua ayat tadi terdapat tiga poin pelajaran yang dapat dipetik:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Membaca sejarah dan kesan-kesan yang tersisa dari peradaban masa silam sangat ditekankan oleh Islam dengan syarat disertai dengan perenungan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Faktor-faktor kemuliaan atau penghinaan di sepanjang sejarah adalah sama dan pengenalan faktor-faktor itu penting sekali buat kehidupan dewasa ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Meskipun al-Quran diturunkan untuk memberi petunjuk namun, hanya orang-orang bersih saja yang menerima dan diberi petunjuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.2. Asbabun Nuzul Surah Ali-Imran : 139<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Setelah kekalahan bala tentara Islam dalam perang Uhud, Muslimin telah kehilangan semangat dan mengalami keputusasaan. Ayat ini menghibur jangan sampai karena kekalahan, itupun dikarenakan tidak mentaati pemimpin, kalian menjadikan diri kalian putus asa. Kalian harus menguatkan iman. Karena kemenangan berada di tangan kalian. Dalam ayat sebelumnya perhatian kepada sunnah-sunnah ilahi telah dikemukakan dalam sejarah kaum terdahulu. Ayat ini menyinggung salah satu dari sunnah yang disaksikan oleh Muslimin dengan mata mereka sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ia berkata, "Faktor terpenting kemulaan dan kehormatan suatu bangsa, adalah iman kepada Allah dan taat kepada para utusan ilahi. Karena menentang perintahnya dan Rasulnya, akan menyebabkan kejatuhan dan kehinaan dan kalian menyaksikan sunnah ilahi ini dalam perang Uhud."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Dari ayat tadi terdapat dua poin pelajaran yang dapat dipetik:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Iman kepada Tuhan, bukan hanya faktor kemuliaan pada hari kiamat, melainkan di dunia menyebabkan kemenangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Kekalahan tidak sepatutnya menyebabkan mundur dan lemah melainkan harus dijadikan pelajaran untuk langkah dan berikutnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3. </span></b><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tafsir dan Terjemahan Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 9-10</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3.1. Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Artinya :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="RTL"></span>٭</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> Hai orang-orang beriman, apabila diseru untuk menunaikan shalat Jum’at, Maka bersegeralah kamu kepada mengingat Allah dan tinggalkanlah jual beli. yang demikian itu lebih baik bagimu jika kamu Mengetahui.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penjelasan Ayat :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pada ayat ini Allah SWT menerangkan bahawa apabila muazin mengumandangkan azan pada hari Jumaat, maka hendaklah kita meninggalkan perniagaan dan segala usaha dunia serta bersegera ke mesjid untuk mendengarkan khutbah dan melaksanakan solat Jumaat, dengan cara yang wajar, tidak berlari-lari, tetapi berjalan dengan tenang sampai ke mesjid, sebagaimana sabda Nabi SAW. Tidaklah sah transaksi jual beli yang dilakukan oleh orang yang berkewajiban untuk melaksanakan ibadah Jumat setelah azan berkumandang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mazhab Maliki dan Hambali jelas dan tegas bahawa pengharaman adalah selepas azan kedua iaitu di ketika khatib sudah naik ke atas mimbar. Ia juga bertepatan dengan suasana di ketika turunnya ayat al-Quran, semasa hayat baginda Nabi Muhammad Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wasallam (Rujuk Al-Iqna’, Al-Khatib, 1/151: Al-Mughni, Ibn Qudamah, 4/39).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Cara yang demikian itu seandainya seseorang mengetahui betapa besar pahala yang akan diperoleh orang yang mengerjakan solat Jumaat dengan baik, maka melaksanakan perintah itu (memenuhi panggilan solat dan meninggalkan jual beli) adalah lebih baik dari pada tetap di tempat melaksanakan jual beli dan meneruskan usaha untuk memperoleh keuntungan dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><b style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3.2. Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 10</span></b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Artinya :</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="RTL"></span>٭</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> Apabila Telah ditunaikan shalat, Maka bertebaranlah kamu di muka bumi; dan carilah karunia Allah dan ingatlah Allah banyak-banyak supaya kamu beruntung.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penjelasan ayat :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> </b><span style="color: #333333;">Pada ayat ini, Allah SWT menerangkan bahawa setelah selesai melakukan solat Jumaat boleh bertebaran di muka bumi melaksanakan urusan duniawi, berusaha mencari rezeki yang halal, sesudah menunaikan yang bermanfaat untuk akhirat. Hendaklah mengingat Allah SWT sebanyak-banyaknya di dalam mengerjakan usahanya dengan menghindarkan diri dari kecurangan, penyelewengan dan lain-lainnya, kerana Allah Maha Mengetahui segala sesuatu, yang tersembunyi apalagi yang nampak nyata.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Meninggalkan solat Jumaat merupakan perbuatan yang ditegah kerana solat Jumaat hukumnya adalah wajib, fardu ain ke atas setiap individu muslim. Orang yang meringan-ringankan hukum Allah ini akan mengundang kemurkaanNya dan mereka bakal menerima balasan yang setimpal dengan dosa yang dilakukan. Bahkan orang yang enggan mentaati suruhan Allah, pintu hatinya lama kelamaan akan tertutup daripada mendapat hidayah dan menjadikan mereka semakin sesat dan terus melakukan dosa-dosa yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Dari Abu Jakdi ad-Dhamri bahawa Rasulullah SAW bersabda: "Sesiapa yang meninggalkan solat Jumaat 3 kali dengan sengaja, maka Allah SWT akan menutup hatinya daripada menerima petunjuk" (Hadis riwayat Abu Daud)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Jika seorang lelaki Islam tidak melakukan solat Jumaat, maka ia dianggap sebagai dosa besar. Lelaki Islam yang tidak dapat menunaikannya haruslah menggantikannya dengan solat Zuhur. Akan tetapi, ia hanya diterima jika ia kerana sebab-sebab berikut; jika terlalu sakit, jika terpaksa jaga orang yang sakit tenat, jika terdapat ribut taufan yang besar atau jika dalam keadaan bermusafir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2.4. Asbabun Nuzul (sebab turunnya) Surah Al-Jumu’ah : 9-10</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Diriwayatkan dalam sebuah hadits<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ketika rosulullah sedang berkhutbah jumat, tiba-tiba datanglah para pedagang dengan membawa dagangannya. Dan para sahabat yang sedang mendengarkan khutbah itu berdiri mengerumuni para pedagang yang baru datang tersebut. Melihat kejadian itu turunlah Q.S al-jumuah ayat 9-10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1. KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Permulaan ayat ini (surah Ali-Imran:137) menjelaskan bahwa perjalanan hidup manusia berdasarkan “aturan tetap” yang diberlakukan oleh Allah dan aturan tersebut tidak akan berubah sehingga dunia Kiamat. karena itu berjalanlah kamu di muka bumi dan perhatikanlah bagaimana akibat orang-orang yang mendustakan (rasul-rasul)</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ulama tafsir mengatakan bahwa maksud ayat ini </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(surah Ali-Imran:138) </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">adalah: memperingatkan kaum muslimin bahwa kekalahan mereka pada perang Uhud adalah pelajaran bagi orang-orang Islam, tentang berlakunya ketentuan sunah Allah itu. Mereka menang pada perang Badar, karena mereka menjalankan dan mematuhi perintah Nabi saw.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> ‘</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ayat ini (surah Ali-Imran:139) juga menjelaskan bahwa Allah melarang orang-orang beriman untuk bersikap lemah karena perbuatan tersebut menunjukkan sebagai orang-orang yang tidak percaya kepada Allah Yang Maha Perkasa</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Seruan terhadap oarng-orang beriman untuk melaksanakan salat jum’at. Agar seruan tersebut dapat dilaksanakan, maka orang-orang beriman wajib meninggalkan segala kegiatan kerjanya, selama melaksankan salat jum’at itu.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Apabila salat jum’at sudah selesai dikerjakan, maka umat islam hendaknya melakukan kembali berbagai kegiata kerjanya yang baik diridai Allah. Selama itu umat islam hendaknya senantiasa mengingat Allah (<i>zikrullah</i>)</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.tafaqquhstreaming.com/fsrmm/Buletin%20Tafsir/Ali-Imran%20137-139.pdf/ diakses pada 8 Desember 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">• </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://belajarcepatbacaquran.com/q-s-ali-imran-ayat-138/</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8 Desember 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://hikmahteladan.blogspot.com/2013/03/surat-al-jumuah-ayat-9-dan-10-beserta.html/ </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">diakses pada </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8 Desember 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.facebook.com/notes/abu-basyer/tafsir-surah-al-jumuah-ayat-9-11/ 10151825465341040/ </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">diakses pada </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8 Desember 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://ghuz-unik.blogspot.com/2011/12/makalah-agama-etos-kerja.html/ </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">diakses pada </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8 Desember 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01941332302803705363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565500858499357727.post-36024630609987544272013-04-23T05:26:00.002+07:002013-04-23T05:26:44.514+07:00MAKALAH FIQIH TENTANG FIQIH SYIASAH ( POLITIK ISLAM )<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Pengantar</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Puji syukur penulis ucapkan kepada Allah atas segala
rahmat-Nya yang telah memberikan kesempatan waktu bagi penulis dalam menyusun
tugas ini. Dan tak lupa Shalawat beserta salam, penulis hanturkan kepada
Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah memberikan inspirasi kepada penulis akan
arti dan penerapan bidang-bidang Fiqh Siyasah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Makalah ini berjudul Siyasah (politik islam modern) yang ditulis sebagai tugas mata kuliah Fiqh.
Dan tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengertian fiqh siyasah
(Siyasah Syar’iyyah) , hubungannya dengan lmu Fiqh , dan manfaat
mempelajarinya, serta memahami istilah – istilah yang berhubungan dengan
pemerintahan islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Serta Tiada Gading Yang Tak Retak, begitupun dengan
makalah ini. Masih ada beberapa kesalahan yang ada tanpa disadari oleh penulis,
oleh karena itu penulis harapkan akan adanya kritik dan saran atas makalah ini
yang membangun. Dan dari penulis sendiri kami ucapkan terima kasih, dan semoga
makalah ini bermanfaat bagi kita semua.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pekanbaru, April 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.1 Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kajian
fiqih siyasah terus berkembang seiring perkembangan dunia politik yang semakin
pesat dengan munculnya isu-isu politik mutakhir, seperti demokrasi, civil
society, dan hak asasi manusia. Ditambah lagi dengan isu-isu pemikiran seperti
sekularisme, liberalisme dan sosialisme yang mesti mendapat respon dari Islam.
Perkembangan tersebut tentunya menghadirkan banyak pemahaman-pemahaman baru
yang dikembangkan oleh para tokoh fiqih siyasah yang menciptakan sejumlah
perbedaan pemikirinan tentang konsep fiqih siyasah dimaksud.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di kalangan
umat islam ada yang berpendapat bahwa Islam adalah agama yang komprehensif. Di
dalamnya terdapat sistem politik dan ketatanegaraan, sistem ekonomi, sistem
sosial dan sebagainya. Misalnya Rasyid Ridha, Hasan Al-Banna dan Al-Maududi
meyakini bahwa ”Islam adalah agama yang serba lengkap”. Di dalam ajarannya
antara lain terdapat sistem ketatanegaraan atau politik. Oleh karenanya dalam
bernegara umat Islam hendaknya kembali kepada sistem ketatanegaraan Islam, dan
tidak perlu atau bahkan jangan meniru sistem ketatanegaraan barat. Sistem
ketatanegaraan atau politik Islami yang harus diteladani adalah sistem yang
telah dilaksanakan oleh Nabi Besar Muhammad SAW dan oleh empat
Khulafa al-Rasyidin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk melakukan kajian
tentang fiqih Siyasah secara luas dan mendalam dalam hubungannya sebagai ilmu
untuk menyelesaikan berbagai permasalahan yang muncul seiring perkembangan
zaman, tentunya harus memahami secara benar tentang konsep dasar fiqih siyasah
dari berbagai sudut pandang. Oleh karena itu, penulis merasa penting mengangkat
masalah kajian Fiqih Siyasah dalam sebuah makalah yang berjudul “fiqih syiasah
( politik dalam islam)”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang menjadi
rumusan masalah dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.1 Apa yang di maksud dengan
fiqih syiasah ( politik islam )?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt;">Apa saja
kaidah-kadiah fiqih?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt;">1.2.3
Bagaimana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kedudukan
fiqih siyasah dalam sistematika hukum islam?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.4 Apa saja </span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">bagian-bagian fiq</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h siyasah</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.5 Bagaimana hubungan antara fiqih
syiasah dengan islam?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.6 Apa manfaat mempelajari fiqih syiasah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3
</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batasan Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam pembahasan makalah ini penulis hanya membatasi
masalah tentang pengertian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fiqih
syiasah, hubungan antara fiqih syiasah dengan islam dan manfaat kita
mempelajari fiqih syiasah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4
Tujuan Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun yang
menjadi tujuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penulis
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam
pembahasan makalah ini adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
sebagai berikut </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4.1
Untuk mengetahui apa yang dimaksud dengan fiqih syiasah ( politik islam ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt;">1.4.2
Untuk mengetahui apa saja kaidah-kadiah fiqih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt;">1.4.3
Untuk mengetahui bagaimana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kedudukan
fiqih siyasah dalam sistematika hukum islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.4 Untuk mengetahui apa saja <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">b</span></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">agian-bagian
</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">f</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">iq</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">iyasah</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4.5
Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara fiqih syiasah dengan islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4.6
Untuk mengetahui manfaat mempelajari fiqih syiasah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Pengertian Fiqih Syiasah
(politik islam)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Kata “fiq</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h siyâsah”
yang tulisan bahasa Arabnya adalah “</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">الفقه السياسي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>” berasal dari dua kata yaitu kata
fiq</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">الفقه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>) dan yang kedua adalah al-siyâsî (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">السياسي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Kata fiq</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h secara
bahasa adalah faham. Ini seperti yang diambil dari ayat Al</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">-Q</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">ur</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">’</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">an {</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">قالوا يا شعيب ما نفقه كثيرا مما
تقول</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>}, yang artinya “kaum
berkata: Wahai Syu’aib, kami tidak memahami banyak dari apa yang kamu
bicarakan”.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Secara
istilah, menurut ulama usul, kata fiq</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h berarti: {</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">العلم بالأحكام الشرعية العملية
المكتسب من أدلتها التفصيلية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>} yaitu “mengerti hukum-hukum syariat yang sebangsa amaliah yang
digali dari dalil-dalilnya secara terperinci</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Sedangkan
al-siyâsî pula, secara bahasa berasal dari “</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">ساس – يسوس – سياسة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>” yang memiliki arti mengatur (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">أمر/دبّر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>), seperti di dalam hadis: “</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">كان بنو إسرائيل يسوسهم أنبياؤهم
أي تتولى أمورهم كما يفعل الأمراء والولاة بالرعية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>”, yang berarti: “Adanya Bani Israil itu diatur oleh nabi-nabi
mereka, yaitu nabi mereka memimpin permasalahan mereka seperti apa yang
dilakukan pemimpin pada rakyatnya”. Bisa juga seperti kata-kata “</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">ساس زيد الأمر أي يسوسه سياسة أي
دبره وقام بأمره</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>” yang artinya: “Zaid
mengatur sebuah perkara yaitu Zaid mengatur dan mengurusi perkara tersebut”.
Sedangkan kata mashdar-nya yaitu siyâsah itu secara bahasa bermakna: “</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">القيام على الشيء بما يصلحه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span>” yang artinya “bertindak pada
sesuatu dengan apa yang patut untuknya”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara terminologis dalam lisan Al-Arab, <i>Siasah</i> adalah
mengatur atau memimpin sesuatu dengan cara membawa kepada kemaslahatan.
Sedangkan di dalam Al-Munjid di sebutkan, <i>Siasah</i> adalah
membuat kemaslahatan manusia dengan membimbing mereka ke jalan yang
menyelamatkan. Dan siasah adalah ilmu pemerintahan untuk mengendalikan tugas
dalam negeri dan luar negeri, yaitu politik dalam negeri dan pilitik luar
negeri serta kemasyarakatan, yakni mengatur kehidupan atas dasar keadilan dan
istiqomah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara itu secara
etimologi, mengenai asal kata siyasah terdapat beberapa pendapat yang berbeda
dikalangan ahli fiqih, diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1). sebagaimana dianut Al Maqrizy mengatakan
bahwa kata siyasah berasal dari bahasa
mongol yakni dari kata yasah
yang mendapat imbuhan sin berbaris kasra diawalnya
sehingga dibaca siayasah. Pendapat
tersebut didasarkan pada sebuah kitab undang- undang milik Jenghis Khan yang
berjudul ilyasa yang berisi panduan pengelolaan
negara dan berbagai bentuk hukuman
berat bagi pelaku pindak pidana tertentu.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2). sebagaimana yang dianut Ibn Taghri
Birdi, Siyasah berasal dari campuran dari tiga
bahasa, yakni bahasa Persia, Turki
dan Mongol. Partikel Si dalam Bahasa Persia berarti
30, yasa dalam bahasa Turki dan Mongol
berarti larangan dan karena itu ia dapat juga
dimaknai sebagai hukum atau aturan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3). sebagaimana dianut Ibnu Manzhur
menyatakan siyasah berasal dari Bahasa Arab, yakni
bentuk mashdar dari tashrifan kata sasa-yasusu-siyasatan, yang semula berarti mengatur, memelihara, atau melatih
binatang, khususya kuda. (“Mujar Ibnu Syarif dan KhamamiZada;2008”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b>Adapun menurut Terminologi Ulama,
pengertian fiqih siayasah adalah sebagai berikut:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
1. Menurut Ahmad Fathi, fiqih siyasah
adalah Pengurusan kemaslahatan umat manusia sesuai dengan ketentuan syara
(Ahmad Fathi Bahantsi dalam al-siyasah al-jinaiyyah fi al-syari’at
al-Islamiyah).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
2. Menurut Ibnu’Aqil, dikutip dari pendapat Ibnu al-Qoyyim, bahwa fiqh siyasah
adalah Perbuatan yang membawa manusia lebih dekat pada kemalahatan
(kesejahteraan) dan lebih jauh menghindari mafsadah (keburukan/ kemerosotan),
meskipun Rasul tidak menetapkannya dan wahyutidakmembimbingnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
3. Menurut Ibnu ’Abidin yang dikutip oleh Ahmad Fathi adalah Kesejahteraan
manusia dengan cara menunjukkan jalan yang benar (selamat) baik di dalam urusan
dunia maupun akhirat. Dasar-dasar siyasah berasal dari Muhammad saw, baik
tampil secara khusus maupun secara umum, datang secara lahir maupun batin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
4. Menurut Abd Wahab al-Khallaf, Siyasah syar\’iyyah adalah pengurusan hal-hal
yang bersifat umum bagi negara Islam dengan cara menjamin perwujudan
kemaslahatan dan menghindari kemadaratan (bahaya) dengan tidak melampaui
batas-batas syari\’ah dan pokok-pokok syari’ah yang bersifat umum, walaupun
tidak sesuai dengan pendapat ulama-ulama Mujtahid.<br />
Maksud Abd Wahab tentang masalah umum negara antara lain adalah ;<br />
Pengaturan perundangan-undangan negara.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Kebijakan dalam harta benda (kekayaan)
dan keuangan.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Penetapan hukum, peradilan serta
kebijakan pelaksanaannya, dan</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Urusan dalam dan luar negeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
5. Menurut Abd al-Rahman Taj; siyasah syar’iyah adalah hukum-hukum yang
mengatur kepentingan negara dan mengorganisir urusan umat yang sejalan dengan
jiwa syari’at dan sesuai dengan dasar-dasarnya yang universal (kully), untuk
merealisasikan tujuan-tujuannya yang bersifat kemasyarakatan, meskipun hal
tersebuttidak ditunjukkan oleh nash-nash yang terinci dalam Al-Qur’an maupun
al-Sunnah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
6. Ibn Taimiyah menganggap bahwa norma pokok dalam makna kontekstual ayat 58
dan 59 surat al-Nisa, tentang dasar-dasar pemerintahan adalah unsur penting
dalam format siyasah syar’iyah. Ayat pertama berhubungan dengan penguasa, yang
wajib menyampaikan amanatnya kepada yang berhak dan menghukumi dengan adil,
sedangkan ayat berikutnya berkaitan dengan rakyat, baik militer maupun sipil,
yang harus taat kepada mereka. Jika meminjam istilah untuk negara kita adalah;
Penguasa sepadan dengan legislatif, yudikatif dan eksekutif (trias politika)dan
rakyat atau warga negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
7. Sesuai dengan pernyataan Ibn al-Qayim, siyasah syar’iyah harus bertumpu
kepada pola syari’ah. Maksudnya adalah semua pengendalian dan pengarahan umat
harus diarahkan kepada moral dan politis yang dapat mengantarkan manusia
(sebagai warga negara) kedalam kehidupan yang adil, ramah, maslahah dan hikmah.
Pola yang berlawanan dari keadilan menjadi dzalim, dari rahmat menjadi
niqmat(kutukan), dari maslahat menjadi mafsadat dan dari hikmah menjadi sia-sia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt;">2.2 Kaidah-Kadiah Fiqih Syiasah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt;"><br />
Kaidah-kadiah fiqih yang dapat
digunakan untuk mempelajari dan mengembangkan siyasah antara lain:<br />
• “Perubahan hukum dengan sebab berubahnya zaman, tempat, situasi, adat dan
niat”<br />
• “Kemaslahatan yang umum didahulukan atas kemaslahatan yang khusus”<br />
• “Kesulitan membawa kepada kemudahan”<br />
• “Tindakan atau kebijaksanaan kepala Negara terhadap rakyat tergantung kepada
kemaslahatan.”<br />
• “Apa yang tidak bisa dilaksanakan seluruhnya (secara sempurna) janganlah
ditinggalkan seluruhnya.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt;"> Kaidah-kaidah
tersebut menegaskan bahwa suatu kebijaksanaan, keputusan, peraturan,
perundang-undangan atau hukum di bidang muamalah yang ditetapkan pada suatu
waktu dan tempat tertentu dapat diubah atau diganti oleh pemegang kekuasaan/
pemerintah. Perubahan perlu apabila ia tidak lagi relevan dengan realpolitic.
Sebab perubahan zaman, tempat, situasi dan kultur dengan suatu peraturan dan
undang-undang yang lebih sesuai dengan waktu berakhir. Perubahan atau
pergantian tentu tidak asal berubah saja. Tetapi perubahan yang tetap
berorientasi kepada nilai-nilai dan jati diri manusia dan kemanusian. Muatannya
tidak bertentangan secara subtansial dengan nash-nash syariat yang bersifat
universal pada setiap zaman dan tempat. Ia juga harus bersifat transparan,
sehingga dapat mengantisipasi perkembangan zaman yang dihadapi dan mampu
menampung aspirasi masyarakat bagi kemajuan social budaya, ekonomi dan politik
untuk mewujudkan kemaslahatan umat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.1 Contoh kaidah-kaidah fiqhiyah
dipergunakan dalam fiqih siyasah adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
الحكم يدو ر مع علته وجو د ا و عد ما.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”Hukum selalu konsisten dengan
illatnya (alasan-alasannya), ada dan tidakadanya hukum tergantung dengan ada dan
tidak adanya alasan tersebut”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh, menurut ’Abduh jika disuatu
negara masih ada perjudian, dana judi kemudian diberikan kepada fakir miskin, maka
mereka dapat memanfaatkan dana tersebut untuk kebutuhan primer mereka. Pada
suatu saat Umar ibn Khattab tidak memvonis pencuri-pencuri dipotong tangan,
karena kejadian tersebut berada masa paceklik. Muallaf qlubuhum dipandang tidak
ada pada saat itu, sehingga satu asnaf tidak diberi jatah zakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.
تغير الأحكام بتغير الأزمنة والأمكنة والأحوال والعوائد والنيــــا ت.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”Perubahan hukum sejalan dengan
dimensi ruang dan waktu, keadaan, kebiasaan dan niat (hukum adalah bersifat
kondisional)”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh pada masa Orba UUD 45 hampir
tidak tersentuh oleh perubahan. Sesudah reformasi amandemen UU D 45, dilakukan
karena pertimbangan kepentingan/kebutuhan bangsa dan rakyat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. د فع المفـــــا سد وجلب
المصــالح.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”Menghindari
bahaya agar dapat memperoleh maslahat (kebaikan secara umum)”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh
UU Perkawinan di Indonesia dengan menggunakan azaz monogami merupakan keinginan
bangsa Indonesia, agar menghargai terhadap perempuan. Praktik ilegal gami
dilakukan oleh laki-laki karena kepentingan seks dan dilakukan dengan main
kuncing-kucingan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3 Kedudukan Fiqh Siyasah dalam
sistematika hukum Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
umum kajian keIslaman dibagi dua macam; <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a).secara vertikal hubungan manusia
dengan Allah, kemudian disebut bidang ’ubudiyyah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b).secara horizontal hubungan antara
individu manusia dengan manusia yang lain bahkan kelompok, kemudian menggunakan
istilah mu’amalah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian pertama dikemas dalam kajian
shalat, zakat, puasa dan haji. Bagian yang kedua dikemas dalam urusan muamalah
secara luas. T.M. Hasbi ash-Shiddieqie (1904-1975 M), membagi sistematika hukum
Islam menjadi;<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2.3.1.
Ibadah kepada Allah seperti shalat, zakat, puasa dan haji.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2.3.2.
Hukum keluarga seperti nikah, thalak dan ruju’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2.3.3.
Hukum kebendaan seperti jual-beli, sewa-menyewa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2.3.4.
Hukum tentang perang damai dan jihad (siyar).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2.3.5.
Hukum acara di peradilan. (al-ahkam al-murafa’at).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2.3.6.
Hukum ahlak (adab).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">2.</span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> Bagian-bagian Fiq</span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h Siyasah</span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Setelah
kita mengetahui tentang pengertian dan penamaan Politik Islam dalam Islam
adalah Fiq</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h Siyasah.
Maka dalam kajian kali ini akan dibahas mengenai bidang-bidang Fiq</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h Siyasah.
Dan Fiq</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h Siyasah
ini menurut Pulungan (2002, hal:39) terbagi menjadi empat bagian, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">1.
Siyasah Dusturiyah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">2.
Siyasah Maliyah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">3.
Siyasah Dauliyah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">4.
Siyasah Harbiyah</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">2.</span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">.</span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">1</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> Siyasah Dusturiyah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Siyasah
Dusturiyah menurut tata bahasanya terdiri dari dua suku kata yaitu Siyasah itu
sendiri serta Dusturiyah. Arti Siyasah dapat kita lihat di pembahasan diatas, sedangkan
Dusturiyah adalah undang-undang atau peraturan. Secara pengertian umum Siyasah
Dusturiyah adalah keputusan kepala negara dalam mengambil keputusan atau
undang-undang bagi kemaslahatan umat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Sedangkan
menurut Pulungan (2002, hal:39) Siyasah Dusturiyah adalah hal yang mengatur
atau kebijakan yang diambil oleh kepala negara atau pemerintah dalam mengatur
warga negaranya. Hal ini berarti Siyasah Dusturiyah adalah kajian terpenting
dlam suatu negara, karena hal ini menyangkut hal-hal yang mendasar dari suatu
negara. Yaitu keharmonisan antara warga negara dengan kepala negaranya.</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">2.</span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">.2 Siyasah Maliyah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Arti kata
Maliyah bermakna harta benda, kekayaan, dan harta. Oleh karena itu Siyasah
Maliyah secara umum yaitu pemerintahan yang mengatur mengenai keuangan negara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Djazuli
(2003) mengatakan bahwa Siyasah Maliyah adalah hak dan kewajiban kepala negara
untuk mengatur dan mengurus keungan negara guna kepentingan warga negaranya
serta kemaslahatan umat. Lain halnya dengan Pulungan (2002, hal:40) yang
mengatak bahwa Siyasah Maliyah meliputi hal-hal yang menyangkut harta benda
negara (kas negara), pajak, serta Baitul Mal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Dari
pembah</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">san diatas
dapat kita lihat bahwa siyasah maliyah adalah hal-hal yang menyangkut kas
negara serta keuangan negara yang berasal dari pajak, zakat baitul mal serta
pendapatan negara yang tidak bertentangan dengan syari’at Islam.</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">2.</span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">.3 Siyasah Dauliyah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Dauliyah
bermakna tentang daulat, kerajaan, kekuasaan, wewenang, serta kekuasaan.
Sedangkan Siyasah Dauliyah bermakna sebagai kekuasaan kepala negara untuk
mengatur negara dalam hal hubungan internasional, masalh territorial,
nasionalitas, ekstradisi tahanan, pengasingan tawanan politik, pengusiran warga
negara asing. Selain itu juga mengurusi masalah kaum Dzimi, perbedaan agama,
akad timbal balik dan sepihak dengan kaum Dzimi, hudud, dan qishash (Pulungan,
2002. hal:41).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Dari
pengertian diatas dapat dilihat bahwa Siyasah Dauliyah lebih mengarah pada
pengaturan masalah kenegaraan yang bersifat luar negeri, serta kedaulatan
negara. Hal ini sangat penting guna kedaulatan negara untuk pengakuan dari
negara lain.</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">2.</span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">.4 Siyasah Harbiyah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Harbiyah
bermakna perang, secara kamus Harbiyah adalah perang, keadaan darurat atau
genting. Sedangkan makna Siyasah Harbiyah adalah wewenang atau kekuasaan serta
peraturan pemerintah dalam keadaan perang atau darurat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Dalam
kajian Fiqh Siyasahnya yaitu Siyasah Harbiyah adalah pemerintah atau kepala
negara mengatur dan mengurusi hala-hal dan masalah yang berkaitan dengan
perang, kaidah perang, mobilisasi umum, hak dan jaminan keamanan perang,
perlakuan tawanan perang, harta rampasan perang, dan masalah perdamaian
(Pulungan, 2002. hal:41).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5 Hubungan antara Fiqih Syiasah
dengan Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam merupakan agama
yang mencakup keseluruhan sendi kehidupan manusia (syamil). Islam bukanlah
sekedar agama kerahiban yang hanya memiliki prosesi-prosesi ritual dan ajaran
kasih-sayang . Islam bukan pula agama yang hanya mementingkan aspek legal
formal tanpa menghiraukan aspek-aspek moral. Politik, sebagai salah satu sendi
kehidupan, dengan demikian juga diatur oleh Islam. Akan tetapi, Islam tidak
hanya terbatas pada urusan politik. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika seseorang
mendengar istilah Islam Politik, tentu ia akan segera memahaminya sebagai Islam
yang bersifat atau bercorak politik. Dalam hal ini, Islam memang harus memiliki
corak politik. Akan tetapi, politik bukanlah satu-satunya corak yang dimiliki
oleh Islam. Sebab jika Islam hanya bercorak politik tanpa ada corak lainnya
yang seharusnya ada, maka Islam yang demikian ialah Islam yang parsial.
Munculnya varian-varian Islam dengan corak politik yang amat kuat pada dasarnya
didorong oleh kelemahan atau bahkan keterpurukan politik umat Islam saat ini.
Karena kondisi sedemikian ini, politik kemudian menjadi salah satu PR penting
umat Islam saat ini, untuk bisa bangkit dari kemundurannya.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Adapun
istilah Politik Islam tentu akan segera dipahami sebagai politik ala Islam atau
konsep politik menurut Islam. Istilah ini wajar ada karena memang
dalam kenyataannya terdapat banyak konsep politik yang kurang atau tidak sesuai
dengan ajaran Islam. Pertanyaan yang selanjutnya muncul ialah “apakah Politik
Islam itu ada? Apakah Islam mempunyai konsep khusus tentang politik, berbeda
dengan konsep-konsep politik pada umumnya?” Yang jelas, sampai batasan
tertentu, Islam memang memiliki konsep yang khas tentang politik. Akan
tetapi, tentu saja Islam tetap terbuka terhadap berbagai konsep politik yang
senantiasa muncul untuk kemudian bisa melengkapi konsep yang sudah dimiliki,
sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan konsep baku yang sudah ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sifat terbuka Islam dalam masalah politik ini
tidak terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa Islam tidaklah menetapkan konsep politiknya
secara amat rinci dalam segenap masalahnya. Ketidakrincian itu sendiri
merupakan bagian dari kebijaksanaan Allah agar Islam bisa mengembangkan konsep
politiknya dari waktu ke waktu tanpa harus terkungkung oleh rincian-rincian
yang sangat mengikat, sementara kondisi zaman senantiasa berubah dan
berkembang. Akan tetapi, tidak pula berarti bahwa Islam sama sekali tidak
memiliki rincian dalam masalah-masalah politik. Ada masalah-masalah tertentu
yang telah ditetapkan secara rinci dan tidak boleh berubah kapanpun juga,
meskipun zamannya berubah. Dalam hal ini, tidaklah benar pandangan sebagian
kalangan yang mengatakan bahwa dalam masalah politik, Islam hanya memiliki
nilai-nilai normatif saja, yang bisa diturunkan seluas-luasnya tanpa
batasan-batasan yang berarti. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.1</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Islam Tidak Bisa
Dibangun Secara Sempurna Tanpa Politik</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tegaknya
hukum-hukum Allah di muka bumi merupakan amanah yang harus diwujudkan.
Hukum-hukum tersebut tidak akan mungkin bisa tegak tanpa politik pada umumnya
dan kekuasaan pada khususnya. Ibnu Taimiyyah mengatakan bahwa Islam harus
ditegakkan dengan dua hal : Al-Qur’an dan pedang. Al-Qur’an merupakan sumber
hukum-hukum Allah sedangkan pedang melambangkan kekuatan politik atau kekuasaan
yang menjamin tegaknya isi Al-Qur’an.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6 Manfaat Mempelajari
Fiqih Syiasah</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat mempelajari fiqih siyasah adalah:</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.6.1). Mengatur peraturan dan perundang-undangan Negara
sebagai pedoman dan landasan idiil dalam mewujudkan kemashalatan umat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.6.2). Pengorganisasian dan pengaturan untuk mewujudkan
kemaslahatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.6.3). Mengatur hubungan antara pengusaha dan rakyat
serta hak dan kewajiban masing-masing dalam usaha mencapai tujuan Negara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">fiqh siyâsah</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> memainkan
peranan penting di dalam hukum Islam. Ini dikarenakan, <i>fiqh siyâsah</i>-lah
sebuah disiplin ilmu yang akan mengatur pemerintah dalam menjalankan hukum
Islam itu sendiri bagi masyarakatnya. Tanpa keberadaan pemerintah yang Islami
(dalam hal ini pemerintah yang menjalankan konsep <i>fiqh siyâsah</i>),
maka sangat sulit terjamin keberlakuan hukum Islam itu sendiri bagi masyarakat
muslimnya.Imam al-Ghazâlî juga secara tegas menjelaskan ini di dalam kitabnya
yang berjudul <i>al-`Iqtishâd fî al-`I’tiqâd</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Buktinya, tanpa
pemerintah yang minimal peduli dengan <i>fiqh siyâsah</i>, tidak mungkin
akan mengeluarkan salah satu produk hukum Islam sebagai hukum positif untuk
rakyatnya yang muslim. Indonesia misalnya, pada tahun 1974 telah berhasil
melahirkan undang-undang No. 1, tahun 1974 <i>tentang Perkawinan</i> yang
mengatur bahwa semua penduduk asli Indonesia yang beragama Islam untuk mematuhi
peraturan pernikahan tersebut yang terbentuk dari dasar-dasar Islami. Tanpa
ini, tentu konsep <i>fiqh munâkahah</i> tidak dapat diaplikasikan
secara positif di Indonesia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah membahas secara
mendalam, maka kesimpulan yang didapatkan adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <i>Fiqh siyâsah</i> adalah sebuah
disiplin ilmu yang isinya adalah membahas hukum-hukum pemerintahan dan konsep
menjalankan pemerintahan yang berlandaskan syariat Islam dengan tujuan memberi
kemaslahatan bagi rakyatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Ruang
lingkup <i>fiqh siyâsah</i> secara keseluruhan dan secara umum, dapat
dikelompokan kepada empat (4) kelompok: 1. <i>Siyâsah dustûriyyah</i>;
2. <i>Siyâsah</i> <i>khârijiyyah</i>; 3. <i>Siyâsah</i> <i>mâliyyah;</i>
<i>4.</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> Siyasah
Harbiya</span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">h</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kedudukan <i>fiqh
siyâsah</i> di dalam sistematika hukum Islam adalah berada di bawah <i>fiqh
mu’âmalat </i>yang diartikan secara luas, sedangkan peranannya jelasnya
adalah sangat penting bagi masyarakat muslim, karena ia adalah kunci dapat
dijalankannya hukum Islam di dalam sebuah negara yang mayoritas rakyatnya
adalah beragama muslim, selain di satu sisi <i>fiqh siyâsah</i> sendiri
sangat mementingkan kemaslahatan untuk rakyat dan berusaha menghilangkan
kemudaratan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1<i>. http://hardiananto.wordpress.com/2009/04/25/siyasah </i>(diakses
Maret 2013)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2<i>. http://languagecommunity.blogspot.com/2011/12/makalah-fiqh-siyasah.html
</i>(diakses Maret 2013)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3<i>. http://diyaasaviella.blogspot.com/2012/02/pengertian-siyasah-hukum-islam.html
</i>(diakses Maret 2013) <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4<i>. http://makalahchayya.blogspot.com/2011/10/fiqih-siyasah-politik.html </i>(diakses
Maret 2013)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5<i>. http://menaraislam.com/content/view/73/40 </i>(diakses Maret 2013)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">6<i>. http://serbamakalah.blogspot.com/2013/02/siyasah-politik-islam.html </i>(diakses
Maret 2013)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">7<i>. http://www.aminazizcenter.com/2010/12/kuliah-fiqh-siyasah-politik-islam </i>(diakses Maret 2013)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">8</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
<span style="color: #333333;">Pulungan, Dr. J. Suyuthi, Fiqih Siyasah; Ajaran,
Sejarah dan Pemikiran, Rajawali Pers, Jakarta;1993<br />
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<!--[endif]--></span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01941332302803705363noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565500858499357727.post-15398899399994164282012-12-11T16:54:00.002+07:002012-12-11T16:54:27.386+07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">KUMPULAN ANEKA RESEP MASAKAN KHAS MELAYU RIAU by: syukron jamils </span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Gulai Belacan</span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi2cvyQJDLylHB3oTebeGxR0LkiX8vy3iy6sPuOxSJgOFrt1Q5gc8D8Q0r-TBVZ8c8FKcNAFLzPu2Ly1ufGU8s3OI8TwKtVnb60n1M2f3CoOjlfsLxLP85wGg6fIbjVktxNbhmvq6TbV4/s200/Gulai+Belacan+Masakan+Khas+Riau.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" /></span></u></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: whitesmoke; line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bahan-bahan yang dibutuhkan guna memasak Gulai Belacan :<br /><ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2.5em; padding-right: 2.5em; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">10 ekor udang besar/ udang pancet, cuci bersih</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">1 papan petai, kupas</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">1 sdm air asam jawa</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">1 sdm gula pasir</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">500 ml santan</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">1 sdt garam</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">1/2 sdt lada</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">3 sdm minyak goreng</li>
</ul>
Haluskan:<br /><ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2.5em; padding-right: 2.5em; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">6 bh bawang merah</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">4 siung bawang putih</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">6 btr kemiri</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">6 bh cabai merah</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.25em;">6 bh cabai rawit</li>
</ul>
Cara Membuat, Memasak Gulai Belacan :<br /><ol>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Panaskan minyak, tumis bumbu halus hingga harum dan matang, masukkan udang, masak hingga udang berubah warna.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Masukkan santan, air asam jawa, gula pasir, garam dan lada, masak hingga semua bahan matang dan kuah mengental.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Masukkan petai, aduk rata, angkat.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gulai Belacan siap disajikan.</li>
</ol>
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</span></span><h1 align="left" style="color: #1f4f72; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; position: relative;">
<strong><span style="color: black;"><u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">2.Patin Asam Padeh</span></u></span></strong></h1>
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<strong><span style="color: black;"><u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></u></span></strong></div>
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<strong><u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img src="http://images.dapurvie.multiply.com/image/1/photos/upload/300x300/RmZBeAoKCoMAADYINNE1/patin%20asam%20padeh.JPG?et=GwGPQHx%2BrKoM9lFfTxndXQ" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" /></span></u></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>bahan :</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ikan patin 1 kg, dipotong sesuai selera</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">air kurleb 1,5 gelas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">bumbu :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">cabai merah keriting 5 bh (bagi yang tidak begitu suka pedas)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">tomat 1 bh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">bawang merah 5 btr</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">bawang putih 3 btr</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">jahe 1 cm</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(semua dihaluskan)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">bumbu pelengkap :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">daun salam 2 lbr</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">daun jeruk 3 lbr</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">daun kunyit 1 lbr, dipotong-potong</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">serai 1 digerpek</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">lengkuas digeprek</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">asam kandis 3 bh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">garam</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">gula</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">minyak goreng, untuk menumis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">cara buat :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. tumis bumbu halus dengan minyak goreng secukupnya hingga wangi, masukan air</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. masukan bumbu pelengkap, aduk rata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. masukan ikan patin, masak hingga matang dan kuah mengental</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Nb: ikan patin bisa diganti dengan ikan baung</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. bacah daging - khas riau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bahan :</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">500 gr daging has dalam</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2 sdm air asam jawa</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4 lembar daun jeruk, iris tipis</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">250 ml santan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Haluskan bambu :</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8 buah bawang merah</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4 siung bawang putih</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 sdt ketumbar</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">¼ sdt jinten</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cara membuat :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Potong-potong daging setebal ½ cm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Campur daging bersama bumbu halus, air asam, santan dan daun jeruk, masak hingga bumbu meresap kedalam daging.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Panggang daging di atas bara api sampai matang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4. serumpun ubi - khas riau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #444444; line-height: 18px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; width: 498px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;" valign="top" width="319"><strong><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bahan :</span></strong><div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">150 gram ubi merah, dipotong panjang</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">150 gram ubi putih, dipotong panjang</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">150 gram bengkuang, dipotong panjang</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">250 gram tepung terigu protein sedang</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 kuning telur</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">300 ml air</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 sendok makan daun bawang, dicincang</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2 1/2 sendok teh garam</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1/2 sendok teh merica bubuk</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 sendok teh gula pasir</span></div>
</td><td style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;" valign="top" width="319"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;" valign="top" width="319"><strong><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></strong></td><td style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;" valign="top" width="319"><strong><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><strong>Cara membuat</strong><strong> :</strong></span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Campur tepung, kuning telur, air, daun bawang, garam, merica, dan gula. Aduk rata.</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Tambahkan potongan ubi dan bengkuang. Aduk rata.</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Sendokkan adonan dalam minyak panas. Goreng sampai kecokelatan dan matang.</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 class="post-titulo" id="post-3463" style="color: #63b4cd; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">5. Gulai Belacan (Riau)</span></h2>
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</div>
<h2 class="post-titulo" id="post-3463" style="color: #63b4cd; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></h2>
<div class="postmeta" style="color: #999999; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding-top: 1px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="postentry" style="color: #888888; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<img alt="" class=" wp-image-3464 aligncenter" height="177" src="http://cuek.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/gulai-belacan-masakan-khas-riau.jpg?w=243&h=177" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Gulai Belacan Masakan Khas Riau" width="243" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span id="more-3463"></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bahan:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 10 ekor udang besar/ udang pancet, cuci bersih</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 1 papan petai, kupas</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 1 sdm air asam jawa</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 1 sdm gula pasir</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 500 ml santan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 1 sdt garam</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 1/2 sdt lada</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 3 sdm minyak goreng</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Haluskan:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 6 bh bawang merah</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 4 siung bawang putih</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 6 btr kemiri</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 6 bh cabai merah</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* 6 bh cabai rawit</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cara Membuat, Memasak Gulai Belacan :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* Panaskan minyak, tumis bumbu halus hingga harum dan matang, masukkan udang, masak hingga udang berubah warna.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* Masukkan santan, air asam jawa, gula pasir, garam dan lada, masak hingga semua bahan matang dan kuah mengental.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">* Masukkan petai, aduk rata, angkat.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<h4 style="color: #32271c; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></h4>
<div>
<div style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18px;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6. KAN CUKA RIAU</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: lime; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;"><span lang="IN">1.Bahan:</span></b></span><div class="separator" style="background-color: #fefdfa; clear: both; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy5wDGZSg0dFDhCbq4PtgCqwk-97f_EdBNE44-syPO1PEJY8uElWLaOYP6ovfLIw9WtDAOgd_AmrF4FhvPeq3U2NgnApt4XrszjvS4Q_Idf5unmCTQMKU4PTx55XTgU06iOe80sl9k3yk/s1600/ikan+cuka+riau.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #7d181e; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy5wDGZSg0dFDhCbq4PtgCqwk-97f_EdBNE44-syPO1PEJY8uElWLaOYP6ovfLIw9WtDAOgd_AmrF4FhvPeq3U2NgnApt4XrszjvS4Q_Idf5unmCTQMKU4PTx55XTgU06iOe80sl9k3yk/s1600/ikan+cuka+riau.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" /></span></a></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">500 gr </span><a href="http://resepsedap.com/berengkes-ikan/" style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #7d181e; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none;" title="See also Berengkes Ikan"><span style="color: windowtext;">ikan tenggiri</span></a><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">2 sdm cabai giling</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">2 bh cabai merah, iris halus</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">5 bh bawang merah, iris halus</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">2 bh tomat, potong 4 bagian</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">1/2 sdt lada bubuk</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">1/4 sdt pala bubuk</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">2 lbr daun jeruk, iris halus</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">1 btg serai, iris halus</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">2 cm jahe, iris halus</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">1 sdt gula pasir</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">1 sdt garam</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">1 sdm air jeruk nipis</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">50 ml air minyak goreng</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span lang="IN" style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><b style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;"><span lang="IN">2. Cara Membuat:</span></b><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">Lumuri ikan dengan air jeruk nipis dan garam, diamkan sebentar, goreng sampai matang dan kering.</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">Tumis bawang merah sampai harum kekuningan, masukkan cabai giling, cabai merah iris, tomat, lada, pala, daun jeruk, serai, jahe, gula pasir, dan garam, aduk sampai harum.</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;">Bubuhkan 1/2 sdm air jeruk nipis dan 50 ml air. Masukkan ikan, masak sambil diaduk sebentar agar bumbu meresap, angkat.</span><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;" /><span lang="IN" style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;"></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18px;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">7. IKAN SEMBILANG RIAU</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span lang="IN">1.</span>Bahan:</b><span lang="IN"></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi41IID0b6VeYMumYcbOPkf3pSkr2cst34YNKf1Viv8GxYdGvbdPFBakpmFO8yT_zkEgu78l-VGr8Zgy_GIFSfz0hzMNgfSEaKSS2qloRHONs_X08OLtWksXIyeZXihRVzLlR1_ExCXRXs/s1600/ikan+sembilang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #7d181e; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi41IID0b6VeYMumYcbOPkf3pSkr2cst34YNKf1Viv8GxYdGvbdPFBakpmFO8yT_zkEgu78l-VGr8Zgy_GIFSfz0hzMNgfSEaKSS2qloRHONs_X08OLtWksXIyeZXihRVzLlR1_ExCXRXs/s1600/ikan+sembilang.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">500 gm ikan sembilang<br />20 gm bawang merah<br />3 sm merica<br />10 biji cabe rawit<br />Bawang merah, merica & cabe rawit ditumbuk<br />2 sendok makan minyak goreng<br />Sedikit garam, gula pasir & serbuk lada hitam<br />1 sendok kecil biji ketumbar & jintan<br />Sedikit buah asam belimbing<br /><br /><b><span lang="IN">2. </span>Cara membuat<span lang="IN">:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Ikan dibuang jeroan perut kalau ad telurnya dapat dimasak dan dibersihkan dengan air asam<span lang="IN"> jawa.</span><span lang="IN"></span><span lang="IN"> </span><br />2. aduk ikan dengan garam dan panggang hingga masak.<br />3. Panaskan sedikit minyak goreng dan tumiskan bahan tumbukan<br />4. Masukkan buah belimbing dan serbuk lada hitam.<br />5. Kemudian masukkan ikan, garam, gula pasir,jintan dan biji ketumbar.<span lang="IN"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8. GULAI UDANG BELACAN RIAU</span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.Bahan:</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">350 gr udang pencet yang besar</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2 papan petai</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC2EMWQFNQS6WZlQTm-hsj-kSxLIVCVP39hsx6fdkjb8AR9wYhIHW76neJ4zfySu2lAYA7jGqTArpG10IBdasjhBCFUqdT-53W3kXbJ8Huvek9XzzU4W_0BOfsrYQaeqV9_aKqQ7jD33Y/s1600/gulai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #7d181e; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC2EMWQFNQS6WZlQTm-hsj-kSxLIVCVP39hsx6fdkjb8AR9wYhIHW76neJ4zfySu2lAYA7jGqTArpG10IBdasjhBCFUqdT-53W3kXbJ8Huvek9XzzU4W_0BOfsrYQaeqV9_aKqQ7jD33Y/s1600/gulai.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" /></span></a></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 sdm air asam</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 sdm gula pasir</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">500 cc santan dari ½ butir kelapa</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1 sdt garam</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">½ sdt lada bubuk</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Minyak goreng secukupnya</span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Bahan yang dihaluskan:</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5 butir bawang merah</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3 siung bawang putih</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5 butir kemiri</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5 buah cabai merah</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8 buah cabai rawit</span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Cara Membuat Gulai Udang Belacan Riau</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Panaskan minyak, tumis bumbu halus hingga harum dan matang. Masukkan udang, masak hingga udang matang</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Tambahkan santan, air asam, garam, lada, gula pasir. Masak hingga matang dan kuah mengental. Beri petai, aduk rata, angkat</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Hidangkan.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: whitesmoke; line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b>9. mie sagu khas riau</b></span></span><br />
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<span class="mw-headline"><b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Bahan -bahan</span></b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Mie sagu<br />2. Bawang Merah, di iris2<br />3. Bawang Putih, sesuai selera<br />4. Kol, di iris kecil2<br />5. Tauge<br />6. Buncis, di iris<br />7. Wortel, d iris<br />8. Seledri<br />9. Cabe, sesuaikan dengan selera<br />10. Kecap Manis<br />11. Saus<br />12. Garam<br />13. Penyedap Rasa<br />14. Ketimun, di iris kecil2<br />15. Teri<br />16. Bawang Goreng<br />17. Kerupuk yang sudah di goreng</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=2437627475872574883" name="Cara_membuat.28untuk_5_porsi.29" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #002bb8; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
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<b style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Cara Membuat Mi Sagu Kuliner Khas (Riau)</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Mie Sagu direndam dengan air, dan tiriskan.<br />2. Tumis bawang merah, bawang putih, seledri,cabe rawit, di aduk rata.<br />3. Masukkan teri, terus di aduk.<br />4. Masukkan kol, buncis, wortel.<br />5. Kemudian masukkan mie sagu lalu di aduk rata dan masukkan kecap manis, garam, saus, tauge.<br />6. Yang terakhir masukkan ketimun.<br />7. Mie sagu goreng siap disajikan, jangan lupa di sajikan dengan bawang goreng dan kerupuk.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01941332302803705363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565500858499357727.post-13129287701182599952012-11-24T00:49:00.004+07:002012-11-24T00:49:44.298+07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Manfaat
tadabbur alam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Manfaat tadabur alam bisa mendekatkan dan
mengenalkan manusia kepada Sang Pencipta lewat upaya pengamatan terhadap
apa-apa yang diciptakan-Nya termasuk keindahan perairan Selat Malaka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">tadabur alam yang dilaksanakan meski dengan
konsep sederhana dan singkat bisa memberikan pemahaman dan perubahan positif
bagi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Manfaat
Tadabur alam antara lain<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Dengan
tadabur alam akan semakin meningkatkan rasa syukur kita atas nikmat dan
anugrah Allah melalui keindahan alam.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Jika
kita berada ditengah-tengah alam yang maha luas maka akan semakin merasa
kecil diri ini, sehingga sedikit akan mengurangi kesombongan kita.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Tadabur
alam akan membersihkan diri dan jiwa kita dari energi-energi negatif yang
mungkin telah bersemayam di hati kita.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Tadabur
alam mudah, murah dan mengasyikkan.</i></b></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidup manusia tidak akan terlepas
dari alam dan lingkungan yang mempengaruhi setiap gerak-gerik kehidupannya.
Tanpa-nya manusia tidak akan mampu untuk hidup dan bersosialisasi.
Kesinambungan antara keduanya mempunyai ruang gerak dan tujuan. Tujuan dalam
kehidupan beragama adalah bagaimana cara manusia untuk mendekatkan diri pada
sang maha Pencipta yaitu Allah sebagai langkah ibadah diciptakannya manusia.
Maka ruang geraknya adalah bagaimana manusia secara garis vertikal
melangsungkan kehidupannya sebagai khalifah di muka bumi ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namun pada faktanya, di zaman
sekarang ini manusia sebagian besar lupa dan tidak menyadari hakikat dirinya
yaitu dengan melupakan dan tidak mensyukuri terhadap alam lingkungan. Manusia
melakukan kerusakan dan membuat ketidak seimbangan kehidupan yang menjadikan
pola lingkungan hidup tidak beraturan. Penyebab ini karena keegoisan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maka dipandang perlu manusia memupuk
kembali rasa tasyakur kepada Allah terhadap alam lingkungan sebagai tanggung
jawab diciptakannya manusia sebagai hamba Allah dan Khalifah dimuka bumi ini.
Atas dasar itulah Bidang PTKP HMI Komisariat Tarbiyah Cabang Kabupaten Bandung
bermaksud mengadakan Tadabur Alam dalam rangka kaderisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“TADABUR ALAM CURUG CILENGKRANG KOMISARIAT TARBIYAH”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ Membangun, menganalisis dan
mengaplikasikan konsep-konsep tadabur alam guna pengelolaan lingkungan hidup
serta peran kader HMI.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">kata pengantar<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Segala puji dan syukur saya panjatkan kepada
tuhan yang maha esa, karena atas berkat dan limpahan rahmatnyalah maka saya
boleh menyelesaikan sebuah karya tulis dengan tepat waktu.<br />
<br />
Berikut ini penulis mempersembahkan sebuah makalah dengan judul "Analisi
kekhalifahan setelah jaman nabi", yang mmenurut saya dapat memberikan
manfaat yang besar bagi kita untuk mempelajari sejarah agama islam.<br />
<br />
Melalui kata pengantar ini penulis lebih dahulu meminta maaf dan memohon
permakluman bila mana isi makalah ini ada kekurangan dan ada tulisan yang saya
buat kurang tepat atau menyinggu perasaan pembaca.<br />
<br />
Dengan ini saya mempersembahkan makalah ini dengan penuh rasa terima kasih dan
semoga allah SWT memberkahi makalah ini sehingga dapat memberikan manfaat.</span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<br />
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01941332302803705363noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565500858499357727.post-89585014811804986522012-11-22T21:29:00.001+07:002012-11-22T21:29:13.311+07:00QUIZ AIDAH 1.C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
SOAL KUIS AQIDAH<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
1. Bagaimana cara anda
menjawab orang yang mengatakan bahwa Allah Maha jahat dan zalim, karena Allah
juga menciptakan keburukan selain kebaikan?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
JAWAB<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Dengan mengatakan pada orang itu bahwa <span style="background: white; color: #333333;">Allah
sebenarnya tidak menghendaki keburukan, tidak mencipta perbuatan
manusia; manusia bisa mengerjakan perintah-perintah-Nya dan meninggalkan
larangan-larangan-Nya, karena qodrat (kekuasaan) yang dijadikan Tuhan pada diri
mereka</span><b>.
</b>Tidaklah Allah menciptakan manusia
melainkan Allah juga menciptakan setan untuk mengujinya. Secara fitrah manusia
akan selalu cenderung pada kebaikan. Tetapi utk selalu sejalan dgn fitrahnya
sangatlah sulit. Karena ketika manusia hendak memilih kebaikan akan selalu ada
bisikan-bisikan yg menghalanginya dan menganjurkan yg sebaliknya. Seperti yg
pernah disabdakan oleh Rasulullah saw. “Bahwa di dalam hati manusia ada dua
bisikan; bisikan malaikat dan bisikan setan. Bisikan malaikat adalahl kebaikan
dan bisikan setan adalahl kejahatan”. Adapun bisikan mana yg akan diikuti oleh
manusia tergantung pada keadaan hati manusia itu. Jika hatinya bersih ia akan
mendengar bisikan malaikat namun jika hatinya kotor dan berpenyakit dia akan
lbh sering menuruti bisikan setan. Dari situ timbullah dua akibat yaitu kebaikan
dan kejahatan. <b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Oleh karena itu Allah tidak bisa dikatakan Maha
jahat dan zalim karena pada dasarnya manusia itu diciptakan Allah secara suci.
Allah tidak menciptakan keburukan dan kezaliman yang menentukan baik atau
buruknya seseorang adalah dirinya sendiri. <b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01941332302803705363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565500858499357727.post-43294915781208880582012-11-22T01:40:00.000+07:002012-11-22T01:40:19.824+07:00tugas terstruktur algoritma dan pemograman<br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">#include<stdio.h></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">main()</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">{</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> typedef struct{int dd,mm,yy;}tanggal;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> tanggal d1,d2;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> int i,hari,hari1,selisih,selisih1,total;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> int jumlah=0,jumlah1=0,tahun,hari2=0;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> printf("masukkan tanggal pertama (dd/mm/yyyy): "); scanf("%d-%d-%d",&d1.dd,&d1.mm,&d1.yy);</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> printf("masukkan tanggal kedua (dd/mm/yyyy): "); scanf("%d-%d-%d",&d2.dd,&d2.mm,&d2.yy);</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> if(d2.yy>d1.yy)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> for(i=12;i>=d1.mm;i--)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> switch(i)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> case 1: case 3: case 5: case 7: case 8: case 10: case 12:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari=31;break;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> case 4: case 6: case 9: case 11:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari=30;break;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> case 2:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> if((d1.yy%4==0&&d1.yy%100!=0)||(d1.yy%400==0))</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari=29;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> else</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari=28;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> jumlah=jumlah+hari;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> selisih=jumlah-d1.dd;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> for(i=1;i<=d2.mm-1;i++)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> switch(i)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> case 1: case 3: case 5: case 7: case 8: case 10: case 12:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari1=31;break;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> case 4: case 6: case 9: case 11:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari1=30;break;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> case 2:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> if((d2.yy%4==0&&d2.yy%100!=0)||(d2.yy%400==0))</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari1=29;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> else</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari1=28;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> jumlah1=jumlah1+hari1;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> selisih1=jumlah1+d2.dd;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> for(i=d1.yy+1;i<d2.yy;i++)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> if((i%4==0&&i%100!=0)||(i%400==0))</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> tahun=366;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> else</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> tahun=365;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari2=hari2+tahun;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> total=selisih+selisih1+hari2;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> printf("Selisih hari adalah= %d",total);</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> else if(d1.yy==d2.yy&&d2.mm>d1.mm)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> for(i=d1.mm;i<=d2.mm-1;i++)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> switch(i)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> case 1: case 3 : case 5: case 7: case 8: case 10: case 12:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari=31;break;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> case 4: case 6: case 9: case 11:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari=30;break;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> case 2:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> if((d1.yy%4==0&&d1.yy%100!=0)||(d1.yy%400==0))</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari=29;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> else</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> hari=28;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> jumlah=jumlah+hari;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> selisih=(jumlah+d2.dd)-d1.dd;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> printf("Selisih hari adalah= %d",selisih);</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> else if(d1.yy==d2.yy&&d1.mm==d2.mm&&d2.dd>d1.dd)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> total=d2.dd-d1.dd;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> printf("Selisih hari adalah= %d",total);</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> else</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> {</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> printf("Data yang anda masukkan salah, seharusnya T1 dulu baru T2\n");</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">}</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01941332302803705363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565500858499357727.post-83756988306575081312012-11-22T00:35:00.003+07:002012-11-22T01:30:52.367+07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP-K6PlSHQUC1u1t0JFRZPj_haWE0j7Wvr7t29Asa68mCI9HQx4i-jBmQNR6Er7dNLQcdi-QU5oZksko26UoXCQElKpDBe4up16QFx9qvg3OAvDB1kjoRhlFFL_xgI_hqn4vj4Eg0ozZSg/s1600/Emo_Music.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP-K6PlSHQUC1u1t0JFRZPj_haWE0j7Wvr7t29Asa68mCI9HQx4i-jBmQNR6Er7dNLQcdi-QU5oZksko26UoXCQElKpDBe4up16QFx9qvg3OAvDB1kjoRhlFFL_xgI_hqn4vj4Eg0ozZSg/s320/Emo_Music.jpg" width="274" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">emo style</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01941332302803705363noreply@blogger.com0